Usunan (in Iranun language) or Usungan (in Bajau Sama language), refers to a boat-shaped and palanquin-like structure traditionally used to carry nobles or prominent individuals. It is accompanied by an entourage as a symbol of respect and celebration. This cultural artefact holds a special place in the traditions of the Bajau Sama and Iranun communities in Sabah, Malaysia, particularly during grand events like weddings, where it becomes an integral part of the ceremonies.
Historical Significance
Usungan / Usunan has historically been used in farewell ceremonies for leaders and warriors embarking on significant missions. Such use dates back to the 1700s, during the reign of Raja Ismail in the Tempasuk area of Borneo. Historical accounts describe its use in significant events, such as in May 1787, when Raja Ismail and his three sons—Raja Tabuk, Raja Alam, and Raja Muda Umak—used Usungan / Usunan during a ceremonial procession. This event marked their departure to aid Sultan Mahmud II in a campaign against the Dutch in Tanjung Pinang, Riau.
Upon their victorious return, the people of Tempasuk honoured them with a ceremonial Usungan / Usunan procession, showcasing its importance as a symbol of respect and triumph.
Modern Usage and Decorative Innovations
Today, Usungan / Usunan has evolved with modern adaptations. Its design varies, adorned with intricate decorations suitable for occasions such as weddings, circumcision ceremonies, and welcoming or sending off dignitaries. Among the Iranun people, Usungan / Usunan carries unique significance. In addition to its ceremonial uses, it serves as a funeral bier for the last rites of noble figures such as Datus or Syarifs, conducted with full traditional honours.
Usungan / Usunan in Wedding Traditions
In Bajau and Iranun weddings, Usungan / Usunan takes centre stage. It forms part of the Adat Kedatuan, a traditional custom that underscores the grandeur of the groom’s procession to the bride’s home.
The groom is seated in the Usungan / Usunan, shaded by an umbrella to protect him from the sun, and paraded on horseback by relatives and close family members. Flags, known as Sambulayang, are flown during this lively procession. The entourage carries gifts, or Damak, as a gesture of goodwill.
Upon reaching the bride’s home, a unique ritual unfolds. To symbolise the groom’s elevated status and protect him from touching the ground, his family members lift him until he reaches the wedding dais. The procession is heralded by shots fired into the air, signalling their approach, which are answered by shot from the bride’s family, signifying their readiness to welcome the groom.
Usungan / Usunan: A Living Heritage
Usungan / Usunan continues to embody the rich cultural heritage of the Iranun and Bajau communities. It reflects their values of respect, unity, and celebration, preserved through generations. Whether in traditional weddings or ceremonial send-offs, this symbolic structure remains a proud marker of identity, blending history with modernity in its evolving role.
Photos taken in Kota Belud, Sabah (Malaysia)